Kelch on saksalaisen sana."chalice", "cup".
KELCH- motiivin omaaviin proteiineihin kuuluu KEAP1 , KLHL19, Kelch-Like ECH assosiated protein 19, INRF2. (19p13.2).
KEAP1 omaa kaksoisglysiinitoiston (DGR), joka yhdessä C-terminaalisen domeenin kanssa yhteistyössä muodostaa beetapropelleistruktuurin, jolla KEAP1 tekee interaktion NRF2:n kanssa. NRF2 on antioksidanttivasteen mestarisäätelijä ja tärkeä oksidatiivisen stressin vähentämisessä.
Jos on rauhallinen tilanne, KEAP1 ja NRF2 muodostvat kompleksin, joka ubikitinoituu ja menee proteosomaaliseen hajoitukseen. KEAP1 on puolestaan tuumorisuppressori ja metastaasisuppressorigeeni. Proteosomaalisella hajoamisella on sekä KEAP1:tä että NRF2:ta vaimentavia vaikutuksia.
Mutta jos NRF2 syystä tai toisesta aktivoituu, estyy KEAP1-NRF2- ubikitinaatio ja degradaatiotie.
KEAP1 vaimentaa NRF2:n aktivoitumista.
....Jos NRF2 pääsee aktivoitumaan, se pääsee stabiloitumaan ja siirtyy tumaan ja säätää ylös vastegeeninsä ( anti-inflammatorinen ja antioksdanttinen vaste).
Tästä asiasta eräs esimerkki:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30872636
Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 14;9(1):4596. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40795-0.
Disruption of CUL3-mediated ubiquitination causes proximal tubule injury and kidney fibrosis.
Saritas T1,2, Cuevas CA3,4, Ferdaus MZ3, Kuppe C5, Kramann R5, Moeller MJ5, Floege J5, Singer JD6, McCormick JA7.
Abstract
Cullin 3 (CUL3) is
part of the ubiquitin proteasomal system and controls several cellular
processes critical for normal organ function including the cell cycle,
and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling.
Kidney tubule-specific Cul3 disruption causes tubulointerstitial fibrosis, but little is known about the mechanisms.
Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dysregulation of the cell cycle and Keap1/Nrf2 pathway play a role in initiating the kidney injury upon Cul3 disruption.
Cul3 deletion increased expression of cyclin E and p21, associated with uncontrolled proliferation, DNA damage, and apoptosis, all of which preceded proximal tubule injury. The cdk2-cyclin E inhibitor roscovitine did not prevent the effects of Cul3 deletion, but instead exacerbated the kidney injury.
Injury occurred despite accumulation and activation of CUL3 substrate Keap1/Nrf2, proposed to be protective in kidney injury.
Cul3 disruption led to progressive interstitial inflammation, functionally relevant renal fibrosis and death. Finally, we observed reduced CUL3 expression in several AKI and CKD mouse models and in fibrotic human kidney tissue.
These data establish CUL3 knockout mice as a novel genetic CKD model in which dysregulation of the cell cycle may play a primary role in initiating tubule injury, and that CUL3 dysregulation could contribute to acute and fibrotic kidney disease.
Kidney tubule-specific Cul3 disruption causes tubulointerstitial fibrosis, but little is known about the mechanisms.
Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dysregulation of the cell cycle and Keap1/Nrf2 pathway play a role in initiating the kidney injury upon Cul3 disruption.
Cul3 deletion increased expression of cyclin E and p21, associated with uncontrolled proliferation, DNA damage, and apoptosis, all of which preceded proximal tubule injury. The cdk2-cyclin E inhibitor roscovitine did not prevent the effects of Cul3 deletion, but instead exacerbated the kidney injury.
Injury occurred despite accumulation and activation of CUL3 substrate Keap1/Nrf2, proposed to be protective in kidney injury.
Cul3 disruption led to progressive interstitial inflammation, functionally relevant renal fibrosis and death. Finally, we observed reduced CUL3 expression in several AKI and CKD mouse models and in fibrotic human kidney tissue.
These data establish CUL3 knockout mice as a novel genetic CKD model in which dysregulation of the cell cycle may play a primary role in initiating tubule injury, and that CUL3 dysregulation could contribute to acute and fibrotic kidney disease.
- PMID:
- 30872636
- PMCID:
- PMC6418206
- DOI:
- 10.1038/s41598-019-40795-0
http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/27/20/2179.full
Click on image to view larger version.Figure 2.Schematic model of the Nrf2–Keap1 signaling pathway. Under basal conditions, Keap1 binds to the ETGE and DLG motifs on Nrf2 and brings Nrf2 into Keap1–Cul3–E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, leading to ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Nrf2. Oxidative stress or electrophiles can cause a conformational change in the Keap1–Cul3–E3 ubiquitin ligase by acting on specific cysteine residues in Keap1. These changes disrupt Nrf2–Keap1 binding at the DLG domain. Nrf2 is stabilized, and free Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, where it dimerizes with members of the small Maf family and binds to AREs (5′-RTGABNNNGCR-3′) within regulatory regions of a wide variety of cell defense genes, including NQO1, GCLM, HO-1, and MRP1. (E) ETGE; (D) DLG.
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